Continuous Variable Transmissions (CVTs) have two major types: one does not use a belt to transmit power, such as Toyota’s Hybrid Synergy Drive, which uses mechanical gears; another type uses belts connecting two pulleys.
The first type has the advantage of real mechanical hard connections, high efficiency, and high capacity (can handle large torque). Still, one limitation is that the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive, its mechanical structure, can only be used in hybrid powertrains, and the transmission will not work in a traditional internal combustion engine-powered car. The belt-type CVT can be used in all vehicles with different types of power sources and has unlimited gear ratios. Still, since it depends on the friction between the belt and the pulley to deliver energy, its ability to transmit torque is limited, and its efficiency under high load is not as good as other traditional automatic transmissions.
Recently, VIT Automobile Science and Technology Ltd, a company specializing in transmission technology based in Beijing, China, released some information about their latest product: moveable teeth CVT (called “HN-CVT”). Below is one of its production units. The HN-CVT combines the benefits of the above two mentioned CVTs. According to VIT, they already have one model of the HN-CVT with a torque rating of 738 lb-ft (1000Nm). Moreover, the HN-CVT has an astonishing high-efficiency ratio of 96% (it only loses 4% of the energy coming from the engine flywheel before putting the power into the car’s wheels). For comparison, traditional automatic transmissions usually have an efficiency ratio between 80% – 90%. The principle of the HN-CVT (moveable teeth CVT) is based on the fundamentals of how a car transmission works.
Regardless of the type of transmission, they all work in this way: the input side is paired to a gear with a certain number of teeth, and the output side is paired to another gear with another number of teeth. If the tooth amounts of the two gears are different, the input side and the output side will rotate at a different speed.
The HN-CVT still has a belt. But he is different from other CVTs; the belt has fixed teeth. The HN-CVT also has a pulley, but it is a special pulley: it has many small steel sheets packed on its surfaces. Those small sheets can go up and down individually (controlled by the transmission ECU). If some sheets go up simultaneously, the convex shape it formed becomes one tooth. For all the steel sheets on the pulley, the transmission ECU can control their activities to form multiple convex shapes. Therefore, it essentially becomes a gear. The key point is that by controlling the combination of the up-down shape of the steel sheets, it can become a gear with any tooth amount it wants. So, the fixed-amount-tooth belt meets the variable-amount-tooth pulley, and a different transmission ratio can be realized. Because it is tooth-to-tooth contact, this transmission can handle many forces without causing sliding and frictional wear.